ascent

1 an upward slope or grade (as in a road); "the car couldn't make it up the rise" [syn: acclivity, rise, raise, climb, upgrade] [ant: descent]

2 a movement upward; "they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon" [syn: rise, rising, ascension] [ant: fall]

3 the act of changing location in an upward direction [syn: rise, ascension, ascending]

English

Pronunciation

Noun

1. The act of ascending. A motion upwards.

   Example: he made a tedious ascent of Mont Blanc

2. The way or means by which one ascends.

   Example: There is a difficult northern ascent from Malaucene of Mont Ventoux

3. An eminence, hill, or high place.
4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade.

   Example: the road has an ascent of 5 degrees

wikt ascendency

Ascendency is a quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network. Ascendency is derived using mathematical tools from information theory. It is intended to capture in a single index the ability of an ecosystem to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size.

One way of depicting ascendency is to regard it as “organized power”, because the index represents the magnitude of the power that is flowing within the system towards particular ends, as distinct from power that is dissipated willy-nilly. Almost half a century earlier, Alfred J. Lotka (1922) had suggested that a system’s capacity to prevail in evolution was related to its ability to capture useful power. Ascendency can thus be regarded as a refinement of Lotka’s supposition that also takes into account how power is actually being channeled within a system.

In mathematical terms, ascendency is the product of the aggregate amount of material or energy being transferred in an ecosystem times the coherency with which the outputs from the members of the system relate to the set of inputs to the same components (Ulanowicz 1986.) Coherence is gauged by the average mutual information shared between inputs and outputs (Rutledge et al. 1976.)

Originally, it was thought that ecosystems increase uniformly in ascendency as they developed, but subsequent empirical observation has suggested that all sustainable ecosystems are confined to a narrow “window of vitality” (Ulanowicz 2002.) Systems with relative values of ascendency plotting below the window tend to fall apart due to lack of significant internal constraints, whereas systems above the window tend to be so “brittle” that they become vulnerable to external perturbations.

Sensitivity analysis on the components of the ascendency reveals the controlling transfers within the system in the sense of Liebig (Ulanowicz and Baird 1999.) That is, ascendency can be used to identify which resource is limiting the functioning of each component of the ecosystem.

It is thought that autocatalytic feedback is the primary route by which systems increase and maintain their ascendencies (Ulanowicz 1997.)

References

• Lotka, A.J., 1922. Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 8: 147-150.
• Rutledge, R.W., B.L. Basorre and R.J. Mulholland. 1976. Ecological stability: an information theory viewpoint. J. theor. Biol. 57: 355-371.
• Ulanowicz, R.E. 1986. Growth & Development: Ecosystems Phenomenology. Springer-Verlag, NY. 203 p.
• Ulanowicz, R.E. 1997. Ecology, the Ascendent Perspective. Columbia University Press, NY. 201p.
• Ulanowicz, R.E. 2002. The balance between adaptability and adaptation. BioSystems 64:13-22.
• Ulanowicz, R.E. and D. Baird. 1999. Nutrient controls on ecosystem dynamics: The Chesapeake mesohaline community. J. Mar. Sys. 19:159-172

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